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Empirical Data Bank

Empirical Data Bank

This empirical data bank is an initiative of the HDCA's thematic group on Quantitative Research Methods.

Related Publications	Year	Authors	Aim/Topic Of The Study	Focus	Type of Data	Level	Source	Geographical Context	Dimensions Considered	Methodology
Medel-Ramírez, Carlos, Juan Ruíz-Ramirez, and Hilario Medel-López. “EMPOWERMENT OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN COMBATING POVERTY IN THE STATE OF VERACRUZ MEXICO.” International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 2091–2106. doi:10.21474/ijar01/3382.	2017	Carlos Medel-Ramírez & Hilario Medel-López	Abstract. Recent studies have shown that the indigenous population has been subject to social exclusion (Medel, 2016; Tetreault,2012; Rionda,2010; Del Popolo et al.,2009; World Bank,2004; Uquillas et al.,2003; Appasamy,1996). However, in the case of Mexico, there is no indicator to measure the degree of social exclusion. This article presents a methodology for estimating social exclusion index (IES) by estimating main components. Our proposal is to incorporate the index of social exclusion as a factor that can explain the current status of poverty in the localities that have a high concentration of indigenous population and high economic marginalization in the state of Veracruz, and thus analyze the scope social policy to combat poverty, as the case Development Program Priority Areas (PDZP). Keys: Social exclusion index, Indigenous population, Poverty, Main components, Development Program Priority Areas		primary data	macro		Mexico	Social exclusion index, Indigenous population	Social exclusion index
		test	In this article, we analyze inequality changes in Peru under the first Garcia government (1985–1990). Our findings indicate that stability in consumption inequality and a substantial decline in wealth inequality were achieved, probably thanks to the government's demand-led policies, despite their deleterious effects on other macroeconomic indicators. The following analysis reveals that inequality in most functionings, including overall well-being, diminished, as did geographical disparities. We thus offer here (i) a methodological contribution to the debate on inequality, stressing the need to go beyond consumption/income inequality if one wants to track inequality changes across time, and (ii) a contribution to the debate about the socioeconomic situation in Peru between 1985 and 1990.	commodities, functionings, income, Inequality; Economic Policy; Peru	secondary data	micro	Demographic and Health Survey; Living Standards Measurement Study	Peru	Education; Health; Decent Job; Living Standards.	Composite indicators of wellbeing; inequality indicators; descriptive statistics.
Krishnakumar, Jaya (2008). Multidimensional Measures of Poverty and Wellbeing Based on Latent Variable Models in N. Kakwani and J. Silber (eds.), Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Palgrave Macmillan New York	2009		Reviewing the most important latent variable models which form the basis of multidimensional indices of human development (or deprivation) starting from simpler ones such as factor analysis and going up to structural equation models	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	Middle and low income countries for the year 2000	Latent endogenous: Health, Education, and Political freedom. Achievement indicators: Political Rights, Civil Liberties, Voices and Accountability, Adult literacy rate, combined Gross Enrolment Ratio, Life expectancy, Infant mortality rate	Structural Equation Model, and MIMIC
	2008		Proposes a suitable theoretical framework for operationalizing the capability approach using the latent variable methodology. A structural equation model is specified to account for the unobservable and multidimensional aspects characterizing the concept of human development and to capture the mutual influence among different capabilities.	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	micro	MECOVI -Bolivia	Bolivia – Latin America	Education and Living Conditions	Structural Equation Modeling
	2007		To propose a structural equation econometric model that accounts for the interdependence among latent dimensions and other observed endogenous factors and includes causal exogenous variables affecting the latent dimensions and their indicators	capabilities	secondary data	macro	Human Development Data; World Development Indicators; Worldwide Governance Research Indicators; Risk Assessment Indicators	Middle income countries; low income countries	Latent endogenous variables: (i) Knowledge; (ii) Health; (iii) Political Freedom. Achievement indicators for each dimension: (i) Adult literacy rate; gross enrollment ratio; (ii) Life expectancy at birth; infant mortality rate; under-five mortality ra	Latent variables; Item response; Simultaneous equations
Krishnakumar, Jaya, and A. L. Nagar (2008). "On Exact Statistical Properties of Multidimensional Indices Based on Principal Components, Factor Analysis, MIMIC and Structural Equation Models" Social Indicator Researchs 86 pp. 481-496	2008		This paper reviews principal components and various latent variable models, reaffirms their appropriateness in this context, examines the statistical properties of resulting indices, gives analytical expressions of their variances and establishes certain exact relationships among them.	capabilities, functionings	primary data	macro	Methodological Paper	Methodological Paper	Methodological Paper	Principal components and various latent variable models
Arndt, Christian, and Jurgen Volkert (2007). "A Capability Approach for Official German Poverty and Wealth Reports: Conceptual background and First Empirical Results" IAW Discussion Paper No. 27	2007		To introduce the concept of individual potentials and instrumental freedoms in the measurement of capabilities and poverty in Germany with a special focus on inequalities in gender, political participation and interdependences between financial and non financial issues of poverty.	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	micro	GSOEP, ALLBUS	Germany	Individual potentials as financial means, commodities and personal conversion factors and instrumental freedom	Maximum Likelihood Probit
	2010		To measure and to compare multidimensional poverty with income poverty in households with children and elderly in Uruguay	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	micro	UruHHS	Uruguay	Education, Living conditions and access to resources	Bourguignon and Chakravarty axiomatic approach
	2003		To include the measurement of efficiency of country specific resource allocation in the calculation of HDI.	functionings	secondary data	macro	United Nations	Developing countries	Life expectancy; educational attainment; Income	Efficiency Analysis DEA
			To measure poverty through the Human Poverty Index in a context of deprivation in multiple dimensions, focusing on developing countries. To introduce the properties of HPI	functionings	secondary data	macro	United Nations	Developing countries	Survival (expected incidence of mortality by age 40), education and knowledge (illiteracy) and economic deprivation (undernourishment, access to health care and safe water).	Generalized weighted mean with alpha=3
			To demonstrate that if a measure satisfies the anonymity, monotonicity and externality axiom instead of the all five axioms proposed in Basu and Foster (1998) then it is suitable for some specifically public policy applications.	functionings	secondary data	micro	NSSO	India	Literacy deprivation	Axiomatic properties for the literacy deprivation measure
			To operationalize Sen's framework by system dynamics	functionings	secondary data	micro	Annuario Statistico Regionale	Italy	Physical and psychological health; Education and Training; Social interactions	System dynamics
			To present a new parametric class of human development indeces that includes the original HDI as well as a family of distribution sensitive indices that satisfy all the basic properties for an index of human development	functionings	secondary data	micro	Census	Mexico	Health, Education, Income	Extension of HDI
	2005		To develop an alternative approach for the Human Development Index sensitive in the general level and the degree of inequality of each of the components of the index.	functionings	secondary data	micro	NSSO	India	Health, education, standards of living	Extension of HID
	2002		To quantify to what extent the behavior of an individual is the result of factors beyond individual control or the result of the exercise of its own preferences. To do so, the paper uses an application for the labor market assessing employability and employment status.	functionings	secondary data	micro	BHPS	United Kingdom	Employment	Regression analysis by layers
			To explore how to combine different attributes nto a single index through some arbitrary function and defining a poverty line and associated poverty measures on the basis of that index	functionings	secondary data	micro	PNAD Household Surveys (years: 1981 and 1987)	Brazil	Income; Education	Axiomatic properties for a social welfare family of indices
			To develop a measure of welfare, (e.g. "the conversion efficiency") measuring the efficiency with which individuals convert their resources into achieved functionings.	functionings, Efficiency in conversion from resources into functionings	secondary data	micro	BHPS	United Kingdom	Well-being; Health status; Highest academic qualification.	Robust nonparametric efficiency analysis
			To present a new approach to evaluate the aggregate literacy level by taking into account the intra-household externality arising from the presence of a literate member.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Indian Census (1981)	India	Literacy deprivation	Axiomatic properties for the literacy deprivation measure
			The paper contributes to the operationalisation of the capabilities approach to welfare economics by developing and analyzing data on the freedoms of adults in Argentina. Specifically, it reports on the development of a survey instrument for measuring capabilities, calculates for each respondent a Nehring-Puppe type index of their capabilities, and examines the distribution of index scores. Themain analytic part of the paper then goes on to develop a generalized linear latent and mixed model (GLLAMM) for assessing the impact of capabilities on life satisfaction, in which allowance is made for (i) unobserved heterogeneity and (ii) possible endogeneity by introducing latent individual effects and by instrumenting capability variables using income and other socio-economic variables. Our empirical results show that empathy, self-worth, goal-autonomy, discrimination, safety and stress are statistically significant determinants of life satisfaction, in a decreasing order of importance. The paper concludes by suggesting that, if replicated, the findings have profound implications for the conceptualisation and evaluation of economic progress.	capabilities, Subjective wellbeing, Freedoms, GLLAMM, Happiness, Instrumental variables, Multi-dimensionality	primary data	micro	Capability Survey	Argentina	Health, Freedom of Political Expression, Freedom of Political Participation, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Thought, Emotional Capabilities, Security, Environment and Social Relations, Discrimination, Work	1. Composite Indicators and Distributional Measures 2. Latent Variable Modelling (Generalised Linear Latent and Mixed Modelling) 3. Individual Unobserved Heterogeneity
			A new approach to child poverty measurement that reflects the breadth and components of child poverty - illustrated with data from Bangladesh in the period 1997-2007. It argues that child poverty should not be assessed only according to the incidence of poverty but also by the intensity of deprivations that batter poor children’s lives at the same time.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Demographic Helath Survey (DHS)	Bangaldesh 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007	Nutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight), Health (immunization and medical treatment for sever illness), Safe Drinking Water, Improved Sanitation, Adequate Housing, Access to Information	Counting Approach Alkire & Foster Method Analysis over time
			This paper focuses on the methodology by which India’s 2002 Below the Poverty Line (BPL) census data identify the poor and construct a BPL headcount. Using the BPL 2002 methodology it identifies which rural families would have been considered BPL if NFHS (National Family Health Survey) data had been used rather than BPL census data. It compares these to poor families that would be identified using the same variables with the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty methodology.	commodities, consumption	secondary data	micro	National Family Health Survey Data	India	Living Standards, Health Water and Sanitation, Air Quality, Assets, Education, Livelihood, Child Status, Empowerment	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			This paper estimates multidimensional poverty in Bhutan applying a recently developed methodology by Alkire and Foster (2007) using the 2007 Bhutan Living Standard Survey data	functionings	primary data	micro	Bhutan Living Standard Survey Data	Bhutan	Standard of Living, Education and Housing	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			This paper estimates multidimensional poverty in fourteen Sub-Saharan African countries using the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty measures, whose identification method is based on a counting approach. Four dimensions are considered: assets, health, schooling and empowerment	functionings	secondary data	micro	Demography and Health Surveys (DHS)	Fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries	Standard of Living, Health, Education and Empowerment	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			This paper presents empirical results of a wide range of multidimensional poverty measures for: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay, for the period 1992–2006.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and Caribbean (SEDLAC) and Centre de Estudios Distributivos Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS) and World Bank	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay.	Standard of Living, Health, Education and Public Services	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			This paper presents a new Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for 104 developing countries. It is the first time multidimensional poverty is estimated using micro datasets (household surveys) for such a large number of countries which cover about 78 percent of the world´s population.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Multiple Indicators Health Survey (MIHS) and World Health Survey (WHS), and other National Survey	104 developing countries	Health, Education and Standard of Living.	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			This paper proposes a new methodology for multidimensional poverty measurement consisting of anidentification method k that extends the traditional intersection and union approaches, and a class of poverty measures M.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Indonesian Family Life Survey and National Health Interview Survey	Indonesia and United States	Health, Education and Standard of Living.	Alkire & Foster Multidimensional Poverty Method
			A comparison of poverty according to primary goods, capabilities and outcomes	functionings	secondary data	micro	CEREQ	France	Deprivation in refined functioning: labour market position, leisure, independence, debt	Fuzzy set theory
			Exploring ways of enlarging the measurement and understanding of human development beyond the relatively reductionist Human Development Index	functionings	secondary data	macro	Diverse sources	world	Health, education, income, mental well-being, empowerment, political freedom, social relations, community well-being, inequalities, work conditions, leisure conditions, dimensions of security – political, dimensions of security – economic, environmental c	Correlations
			Measuring gender inequality in functionings and capabilities using the British Household Panel Study	functionings	secondary data	micro	BHPS	UK	Life and physical health, mental well-being, bodily integrity and safety, social relations, education and knowledge, domestic work and non-market care, paid work and other projects, shelter and environment, mobility, leisure activities, religion	Descriptive statistics, chi-squares tests, correlation, stochastic dominance
			Defining a new approach to specifying the cut-off levels that define the boundaries of fuzzy poverty measures	functionings	primary data	micro	Ad-hoc questionnaire	South Africa	Education, housing, water, sanitation, energy, jobs, health-health care, perceived well-being	Fuzzy set theory and supervaluationist approach
			Measuring the variation in measures of standard non- or non-exclusively economic well-being achievement not accounted for y income per capita	functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	Almost all countries	Human development, human poverty, health services, health status, survival, education status, gender bias, gender empowerment, income inequality, governance, happiness	Spearman correlation, ranking
			Proposing a structural equation econometric model to measure and estimate capabilities through a latent variable modelling approach, taking account of the interdependencies among the different capability dimensions and the influence of exogenous social, institutional and demographic factors on them. Illustration using macro-economic data.	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	56 countries	Health, knowledge, political freedom	Structural equation model (SEM)
			Suggesting an econometric model to estimate children’s well-being based on a capability approach framework	capabilities, functionings	secondary data	micro	NCAER	India	Bodily health, sense of imagination and thought, leisure activities and play	Structural equation model (MIMIC)
			Studying process of adaptive expectation, with an empirical application to changes in income and satisfaction with income	functionings, Subjective wellbeing	secondary data	micro	BHPS	UK	One dimension (satisfaction with income), predicted by income and some socio-demographic variables	Ordered logit regression
			Assessment of multidimensional measure of deprivation, and methodological applications of the capability approach	functionings	secondary data	micro	SHIW	Italy	Health, education, social relations, labour market, housing, household economic resources	Sequential stochastic dominance, deprivation index, partial and complete ranking
			Identification of a list of relevant capabilities for children through a participatory bottom-up approach	agency, capabilities	primary data	micro	Ad-hoc questionnaire		Life and physical health, love and care, mental well-being, bodily integrity and safety, social relations, participation, education, freedom from economic and non-economic exploitation, shelter and environment, leisure activities, respect, religion and id	Descriptive statistics
			Measuring two components of well-being: standards of living and quality of life	functionings	secondary data	macro	UN & WB	170 countries	For standards of living: standards of health, standards of education, material well-being. For quality of life: quality of health, quality of education, quality of environment	Fuzzy set theory, factorial analysis of correspondence
			Proposing a framework that uses fuzzy set theory to measure human well-being according to the capability approach	functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	Almost all countries	Health, knowledge and freedom to communicate, income, freedom	Fuzzy set theory, complete ranking
			Developing a framework that uses fuzzy set theory to measure human well-being	functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	14 Pacific-Asian countries	Health, education, income	Fuzzy set theory
			Proposing a framework that uses fuzzy set theory to measure human well-being according to the capability approach	functionings	secondary data	macro	UN	Almost all countries	Health, knowledge and freedom to communicate, income, freedom	Fuzzy set theory, complete ranking
			Designing an ad hoc questionnaire for directly measuring the capability approach, and exploring its relation with life-satisfaction (happiness)	capabilities, functionings, Subjective wellbeing	primary data	micro	Ad hoc questionnaire	UK	Happiness, health, sense of achievement, personal projects, intellectual stimulation, social relations, environment	Correlation and ordered logit regression
			Showing that secondary data source provides some information about capabilities, and that this can be incorporated into models of subjective well-being	capabilities, functionings, Subjective wellbeing	secondary data	micro	BHPS	UK	Bodily health, bodily integrity, sense, imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, play, satisfaction	OLS regression analysis
			Analysing endemic deprivation in India and the role of public action in addressing that problem	functionings	secondary data	macro	Indian national data	India	Health, education, income	Analysis of rates and other aggregated indicators
			Comparing the use of factor analysis with fuzzy set theory for the operationalization of the capability approach	functionings	secondary data	micro	PSBH	Belgium	Social interactions, cultural activities, economic conditions, health, psychological distress, working conditions, shelter	Factor analysis fuzzy set theory
			Identifying distinct dimensions in a multidimensional analysis of welfare and quality of life	functionings	secondary data	macro	Various sources	USA	The dimensions are not specified a priori but later, as a result of the cluster analysis	ARIMA Models and entropy measures, cluster analysis
			Comparison between ranking with empirical measures of functioning achievements and ranking with standard income-based measures	functionings	secondary data	macro	SHIW ISTAT	Italian regions	Health, education, employment, housing, safety, environment, income, social infrastructure	Factor analysis, complete ranking
			Comparison between a standard expenditure-based poverty measure and a specifically created composite measure of deprivation	functionings	secondary data	micro	SALDRU	South Africa	Education, income, wealth, housing, water, sanitation, energy, employment, transport, financial services, nutrition, health care, safety, perceived well-being	Synthetic index score, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis, OLS regressions
			Dealing with methodological issues related to the multi-dimensional analysis of well-being from the theoretical perspective of the capability approach	functionings	secondary data	micro	ISTAT	Italy	Housing conditions, health conditions, education and knowledge, social interaction, psychological conditions	Fuzzy set theory, complete ranking
			Methodological proposal for the design of sets of indicators for monitoring inequality between social groups based on large datasets.	functionings	secondary data	micro	Venezuelan Household Survey	Venezuela	Three dimension of Housing Adequacy: Services, Structure, and Space and Density	Principal Component Analysis, Fuzzy Set Theory, ANOVA
			Examining alternative econometric techniques to put into practice the capability approach for poverty and inequality measurement. Three empirical applications.	functionings	secondary data	micro	British Household Panel Data	United Kingdom	First two empirical applications: Health, Housing, Income Third empirical application: Satisfaction with household income, Household Income, Needs, Preference shifters	Structural Equation Model (MIMIC), Axiomatic inequality measures for the general entropy class, Equivalence scale method, Ordered probit model
			A measure of human development that is sensitive to gender inequality for cross-country comparison	functionings	secondary data	macro	United Nations	Almost all countries	Longevity, knowledge, decent living standards	Scaling normalization (weighting formula with aversion to inequality), complete ranking
			Measuring and monitoring progress in human development for comparisons across countries	functionings	secondary data	macro	United Nations	Almost all countries	Longevity, knowledge, decent living standards	Scaling normalization (linear function), complete ranking
			Measurement of living standard of unemployed according to the capability approach, and it's relation with some demographic variables	functionings	secondary data	micro	A survey set up by RVA	Belgium	Social, psychological, physical microsocial contact, activities, financial	Factor analysis, regression analysis
			Illustrating the difference between living standards rankings and functioning or capability rankings	functionings	secondary data	macro	United Nations	Selected countries	Income, the ability to live longer and avoid mortality during infancy and childhood, the ability to read and write and to benefit from sustained schooling	Descriptive statistics, partial ranking

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Empirical Data Bank